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J Nephropathol. 2018;7(3): 132-136.
doi: 10.15171/jnp.2018.31

Scopus ID: 85049659061
  Abstract View: 3531
  PDF Download: 1504

Review

Metformin protects renal tubular cells; mechanisms and new concepts  

Nozar Dorestan 1, Leila Manzouri 2, Mohammad Bahadoram 3, Sara Bahadoram 4, Mohammadreza Khosravifarsani 5, Mohammad Davoodi 6*

1 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
3 Medical Student Research Committee and Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
4 Department of Pediatrics, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5 Cancer Prevention Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
6 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
*Corresponding Author: *Corresponding author: Mohammad Davoodi; Email: , Email: davoodi-m@ajums.ac.ir

Abstract

Context: The prevalence of diabetes markedly increased in recent decades. It is well accepted that the risk of morbidity and fatality increases in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Evidence Acquisition: An electronic search was performed to detect suitable studies, with keywords of metformin, prediabetes, diabetes Mellitus, Gentamicin and lactic acidosis.

Results: Metformin (biguanide) is widely used as the first pharmacological option in pre-diabetic subjects and patients with T2DM. Low-cost, long-term effect, low risk of hypoglycemia, and ease in utilization are considered as significant benefits of metformin compared with other therapies. Numerous studies have explored that medicinal intervention particularly metformin administration not only can decrease high blood glucose in patients with T2DM but also can avoid or postpone the beginning of clinical T2DM in pre-diabetic cases. Protective effect of metformin on renal cells by different mechanisms is described here. Gentamicin is an important factor that affects kidney function and structure. Nephrotoxicity is one of the serious side effects of gentamicin (an aminoglycoside antibiotic). Numerous investigation showed the protective effect of metformin against the gentamicin nephrotoxicity. On the other hand, lactic acidosis is known as an uncommon but serious side effect of metformin that should be mentioned. Signs of lactic acidosis are defined by plasma lactate levels higher than 5 mmol/L and pH smaller than 7.4.

Conclusions: Different small series and large experimental investigations have discovered the association between metformin and lactic acidosis summarized here.


Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education:

Although metformin is known as the most confident hypoglycemic medicine in patients with chronic kidney disease according to the benefits linked with reduction of metabolic disorder and protection against cardiovascular disease, present recommendations explain that it should be administrated with carefulness in glomerular filtration rate of lower than 60 mL/ min. Other studies suggested an important clinical benefit for diabetes mellitus outcomes particularly myocardial infarction from metformin compared with other oral agents like sulfonylurea agents. Finally, elderly people may be at higher risk for lactic acidosis.

Please cite this paper as: Dorestan N, Manzouri L, Bahadoram M, Bahadoram S, Khosravifarsani M, Davoodi M. Metformin protects renal tubular cells; mechanisms and new concepts. J Nephropathol. 2018;7(3):132-136. DOI: 10.15171/jnp.2018.31.

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Submitted: 10 Dec 2017
Accepted: 14 Apr 2018
ePublished: 20 May 2018
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