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J Nephropathol. 2019;8(4): e44.
doi: 10.15171/jnp.2019.44
  Abstract View: 2301
  PDF Download: 1136

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Genetic association of ACE gene I/D polymorphism with the risk of diabetic kidney disease; a meta-analysis

Bhaskar VKS Lakkakula 1 ORCID logo, Rajeev Lochan Khare 2 ORCID logo, Henu Kumar Verma 3 ORCID logo, Smaranika Pattnaik 4* ORCID logo

1 Sickle Cell Institute Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
2 Department of Medicine, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College, Raipur, India
3 Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Endocrinology and Oncology, Naples, Italy
4 Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, India
*Corresponding Author: *Corresponding author: Smaranika Pattnaik, Email: , Email: smaranika2010@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive renal disease characterized by persistent albuminuria that leads to end-stage renal disease in both type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a major role in the onset and progression of DN.

Objectives: The present meta-analysis is intended to synthesize evidence on the association between ACE gene insertion and deletion (ACE I/D) polymorphism and the risk of DN.

Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Embase were searched to retrieve relevant publications. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and DN risk. The Cochrane Q test and I2 statistic were used to detect heterogeneity. To assess between-study heterogeneity, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed. Funnel plots and Egger’s test were used to estimate publication bias.

Results: Around 45 articles (47 studies) with 6124 patients of DN and 2492 T2DM patients (controls) were ultimately considered for meta-analysis. Overall, the ACE I/D polymorphism was associated with DN under three different genetic models (allelic model: OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.20- 1.49; P<0.001; dominant model: OR= 1.54; 95% CI: 1.31- 1.81; P<0.001; and recessive model: OR= 1.39; 95% CI: 1.19- 1.63; P<0.001). Significant heterogeneity (I2 > 50%) was present in the analysis for all ethnic groups. Further, there is no evidence for publication bias in this meta-analysis.

Conclusion: The current meta-analysis provided confirmation that the ACE I/D polymorphism is correlated with an increased risk of DN in patients with T2DM and the D allele of ACE I/D was a susceptible factor.


Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education:

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common causes of renal impairment in patients with diabetes. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that controls body’s blood pressure is an independent risk factor of DN. Several studies have investigated ACE I/D as a risk factor in DN; however, the results are inconclusive. Our meta-analysis of ACE I/D studies indicated that this variant increases the risk of developing DN.

Please cite this paper as: Lakkakula BVSK, Khare RL, Verma HK, Pattnaik S. Genetic association of ACE gene I/D polymorphism with the risk of diabetic kidney disease; a meta-analysis. J Nephropathol. 2019;8(4):e44. DOI: 10.15171/jnp.2019.44.

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Submitted: 23 Jul 2018
Accepted: 01 Oct 2019
ePublished: 12 Oct 2019
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