Society of Diabetic Nephropathy Prevention Journal of Nephropathology 2251-8363 11 1 2022 01 01 Osmotic demyelination syndrome after bone marrow transplantation e10 e10 10.34172/jnp.2022.10 EN Fatemeh Yaghoubi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3120-7111 Davood Babakhani https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2510-2428 Farnoosh Tavakoli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7104-4137 Farnaz Tavakoli https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6171-1488 Journal Article 10.34172/jnp.2022.10 2021 01 07 2021 04 09 A 14-year-old boy with a past medical history of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was referred to the emergency department with the loss of consciousness and seizure. On admission, the blood test indicated strict hyponatremia with hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, hypoglycemia, and low-serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). After six days, the patient suffered from dysarthria, dysphagia, behavioral disturbances, disorientation, and obtundation. Based on the physical examination, hyperreflexia and upward bilateral plantar reflexes were outstanding. Lumbar puncture, spiral brain CT scan, and MRI were normal. Hence, MRI repeated 2 weeks later, and the T2-weighted image indicated the bilateral symmetric hyperintense lesions in the basal ganglia. The osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is a scarce and serious neurologic complication of the quick correction of chronic strict hyponatremia.