Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education:
    Hyperoxaluria often coexists with recurrent pyelonephritis which may be caused by the destruction  of the gut microbiota. It would be logical to assume the formation of a so-called “vicious circle”.  On the one hand, the development of dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction, mediated by the  constant use of antibiotics, are the main sources of urinary tract infection; while they lead to impaired  oxalate transport and acquired hyperoxaluria. In turn, calcium oxalate deposition in the proximal  renal tubules causes chronic inflammation and might be an independent risk factor for pyelonephritis  recurrences. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of this interaction.  
  Please cite this paper as: Stepanova N. Hyperoxaluria; a risk factor or a consequence of recurrent  pyelonephritis? J Nephropathol. 2021;10(4):e36. DOI: 10.34172/jnp.2021.36.